Ovarian Cysts: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment Options


Ovarian Cysts: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

An ovarian cysts is a common concern for many women around and is often formed during the reproductive years. These are the  fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside an ovary and can vary in size and type. While many ovarian cysts are harmless and gets resolved on their own, some can cause symptoms and may require medical intervention. This blog will help you understand the types of ovarian cysts, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and when you will need to seek medical attention? 

We'll dive you deep into the details of ovarian cysts to enhance your knowledge and awareness towards ovarian cysts.

What is an ovarian cysts?

So, let's have some knowledge about what actually a cyst is and how it is formed?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or within an ovary. Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system that is located on each side of the uterus. These small, almond-shaped organs produce eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cysts can develop for many reasons and are most commonly found in women at the stage of childbearing, but they can occur at any stage of life. The size of ovarian cysts can range from as small as a pea to larger than an orange. Having an understanding of the nature of these cysts and their development is important for recognizing and addressing any linked health concerns.

What are the types of Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts can be classified into two different types functional cysts and pathological cysts.For understanding these two types of cysts, let us talk about what are these types and which is harmless and which type of cysts is harmful and will need medical interventions.

  1. Functional Cysts

    • Follicular Cysts: These are the most common type of ovarian cyst. It develops when the follicle -the sac that holds an egg doesn't release the egg and continues to grow. the follicle breaks open and releases the egg during ovulation. If the follicle fails to rupture, it can turn into a follicular cyst. 
    • Follicular cysts are usually harmless and resolved on their own within a few menstrual cycles.
    • Corpus Luteum Cysts: After the follicle releases the egg, the sac typically closes and starts producing hormones to support pregnancy. However, the sac can accumulate fluid, leading to the formation of a corpus luteum cyst. These cysts also can resolve by own without treatment, but in some cases, they can cause pain or bleeding.

  2. Pathological Cysts

    • Dermoid Cysts: it is also known as teratomas, these cysts are filled with various types of tissue, such as hair, skin, or teeth, because they are formed from embryonic cells. Dermoid cysts can grow quite large and cause discomfort, but they are harmless non-cancerous. This cysts requires Surgical removal if it cause any symptoms or complications.
    • Cystadenomas: These cysts develop from ovarian tissue and can be filled with a watery or mucous substance. Cystadenomas can grow large and cause abdominal discomfort. While they are usually non-cancerous, they may require surgical removal if they cause any symptoms or complications.
    • Endometriomas: These cysts is caused from endometriosis, a condition where uterine tissue grows outside the uterus and attaches to the ovary. Endometriomas is also known as "chocolate cysts" due to it's dark, thick appearance, it can cause pain and fertility issues. It can be  treated using medication or surgery, and it depends upon the severity of symptoms and the impact on fertility.

What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?

Ovarian cysts generally do not cause symptoms and are often found during routine pelvic exams. However, when symptoms do occur, they might include:

  • Pelvic Pain: it is one of the most common symptoms of ovarian cysts. The pain is often felt on one side of the abdomen and it can be sharp or dull. The intensity and duration of the pain can be different for each individual and it may come and go.
  • Fullness or Heaviness: Women with ovarian cysts may experience a feeling of fullness or heaviness in the abdomen. This can be particularly felt if the cyst is large.
  • Bloating:  an increase in abdominal bloating or swelling can be a symptom of ovarian cysts. It can be due to the cyst itself or because of fluid accumulation in the abdomen.
  • Pain During Intercourse:  if you feel discomfort or pain during sex it is an another notable symptom of ovarian cysts. This pain can be caused due to the pressure or irritation formed by the cyst.
  • Irregular Menstrual cycle:  An ovarian cysts can cause changes in the menstrual cycle, leading to painful periods, heavy bleeding, or spotting between periods.
  • Frequent Urination: A large ovarian cyst can press against the bladder which increases the urge to urinate and making it difficult to empty the bladder completely.
  • Sudden,severe pain: Intense pain, especially if a cyst ruptures or causes ovarian torsion- twisting of the ovary, is a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention. Ovarian torsion can cut off the blood supply to the ovary, leading to tissue damage or necrosis.

What are the diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts?

If you experience symptoms that indicates an ovarian cyst, a healthcare provider can use several methods to diagnose it. Early diagnosis is important for managing unnecessary complications and to determine the appropriate treatment.

  • Pelvic Exam: An initial pelvic examination can help detect cysts. During this exam, the healthcare provider may feel the ovaries and surrounding areas for any lumps or abnormalities.
  • Ultrasound: This imaging test uses sound waves to create a picture of the ovaries and can determine the size, location, and composition (solid or fluid-filled) of a cyst. Transvaginal ultrasound, where the probe is inserted into the vagina which provides a more detailed view of the ovaries.
  • Blood Tests: These tests can check hormone levels and cancer markers (such as CA-125) if there is a concern about ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of CA-125 may indicate the presence of cancer, but it can also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions.
  • Laparoscopy: A laparoscopic procedure that allows direct viewing of the ovaries and can also be used to remove cysts. During a laparoscopy, a small incision is made in the abdomen, and a thin, lighted instrument called a laparoscope is inserted to examine the ovaries.

What are the treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts?

The treatment of ovarian cysts depends on their size, type, and symptoms. Options include:

  1. Many cysts resolve on their own, so waiting for sometime will be a good approach with follow-up ultrasounds. This is common for functional cysts that are without symptoms or can cause mild symptoms.
  2. Birth control pills can help regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent the formation of new cysts. Hormonal contraceptives can also reduce the risk of developing functional cysts by preventing ovulation.
  3. If a cyst is large, persistent, causing symptoms, or suspected to be cancerous, surgery may be necessary. Surgical options include:
    • Cystectomy: Removal of the cyst while preserving the ovary. This procedure is often used for harmless cysts to maintain fertility.
    • Oophorectomy: Removal of one or both ovaries, especially if the cyst is malignant or causing significant problems. In cases of ovarian cancer or severe damage, this procedure may be necessary to prevent further complications.

What are the complications of Ovarian Cysts?

While most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve without intervention, complications can occur. Understanding these potential issues can help you seek timely medical care if needed.

  • Rupture: A cyst that ruptures can cause severe pain and internal bleeding. The severity of symptoms depends on the size of the cyst and the amount of bleeding. In some cases, a ruptured cyst can lead to an infection or other serious complications.
  • Ovarian Torsion: A large cyst can cause the ovary to twist, cutting off its blood supply. This condition, known as ovarian torsion, is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Symptoms include sudden, severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. If not treated promptly, ovarian torsion can lead to tissue damage or loss of the ovary.
  • Infection: it is a very rare condition where cyst can become infected and cause significant symptoms. An infected cyst may lead to abscess formation or sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition that requires urgent medical care.

Preventing and Managing Ovarian Cysts

While it's not always possible to prevent ovarian cysts, regular pelvic exams can help ensure early detection. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can also contribute to overall reproductive health. Here are some additional strategies for managing and preventing ovarian cysts:

  • Pay attention to any changes in your body and report unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider. Early detection and intervention can help prevent complications.
  • Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives can reduce the risk of developing functional cysts by preventing ovulation. Consult with your healthcare provider whether hormonal contraception is appropriate for you.
  • Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health and hormonal balance. Maintaining a healthy weight can also reduce the risk of developing ovarian cysts.
  • Indulge yourself in physical activity that will help maintain hormonal balance and help support your overall health. Try to do at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week.

When to Seek Medical Attention?

It's important to consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

  • If you experience severe abdominal or pelvic pain, it may indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, both of which require immediate medical attention.
  • If you feel pain followed by fever or vomiting. These symptoms may suggest an infection or other serious conditions.


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